Role of oral microbiome in preventing caries, stomatitis and periodontitis

Abstract
Despite implementation of preventive procedures and a procedure being standard for years, caries is still a considerable problem. A considerable role of oral microbiome in limiting its development and in reduction of gingivitis, periodontitis and halitosis has been emphasised recently

Aim
The paper aims to review the literature on a etiopathogenesis of caries, stomatitis and periodontitis, taking into account the effects of orthodontic treatment on their development, and to discuss methods for their prevention.

Material and methods
Polish and English literature was reviewed using the PubMed database (in the period from its creation to September 2022). In addition, the Google browser was used.

Results
Dysbiosis of the oral cavity is considerably responsible for development of caries and periodontitis. It is also responsible for halitosis or focal diseases. Probiotic bacteria are competition to pathogenic bacteria in the field of oral mucosa colonisation as they change the oral conditions, creating substances that have antibacterial action and reduce inflammation. Clinical studies have shown that application of probiotic strains, such as Lactobacillus reuteri or L. plantarum, led to inhibition of cariogenic processes.

Conclusions
Taking care of the proper oral microbiome is becoming one of the key issues in prevention of caries and inflammation. Including probiotic preparations based on Lactobacillus reuteri and Lactobacillusplantarum strains in daily oral hygiene habits is a promising procedure leading to possible block or considerable restriction of development of these diseases. Such a practice seems particularly justified during orthodontic treatment, when the patient's care for proper oral hygiene is more difficult.